{"id":148,"date":"2023-11-01T06:00:33","date_gmt":"2023-11-01T06:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/?page_id=148"},"modified":"2025-02-02T20:07:38","modified_gmt":"2025-02-02T20:07:38","slug":"ciliated-microorganism-modeling","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/index.php\/ciliated-microorganism-modeling\/","title":{"rendered":"Flow Physics and Nutrient transport in Ciliates"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"148\" class=\"elementor elementor-148\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf37a3d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bf37a3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ee33d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f8ee33d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 25-10-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-divider{--divider-border-style:none;--divider-border-width:1px;--divider-color:#0c0d0e;--divider-icon-size:20px;--divider-element-spacing:10px;--divider-pattern-height:24px;--divider-pattern-size:20px;--divider-pattern-url:none;--divider-pattern-repeat:repeat-x}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider{display:flex}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{font-size:15px;line-height:1;max-width:95%}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__element{margin:0 var(--divider-element-spacing);flex-shrink:0}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-icon{font-size:var(--divider-icon-size)}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider-separator{display:flex;margin:0;direction:ltr}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:before{display:block;content:\"\";border-bottom:0;flex-grow:1;border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:first-of-type{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider-separator:before{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider__element{margin-left:0}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:last-of-type{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider-separator:after{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider__element{margin-right:0}.elementor-widget-divider:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text):not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon) .elementor-divider-separator{border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern{--divider-border-style:none}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern.elementor-widget-divider--view-line .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not([class*=elementor-widget-divider--view]) .elementor-divider-separator{width:100%;min-height:var(--divider-pattern-height);-webkit-mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);background-color:var(--divider-color);-webkit-mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url);mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url)}.elementor-widget-divider--no-spacing{--divider-pattern-size:auto}.elementor-widget-divider--bg-round{--divider-pattern-repeat:round}.rtl .elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{direction:rtl}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-divider,.e-con>.elementor-widget-divider{width:var(--container-widget-width,100%);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9826605 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9826605\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 25-10-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">Feeding of attached and swimming ciliates achieve hydrodynamic equivalence<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7672fa6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7672fa6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-893b413 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"893b413\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-512e29b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"512e29b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 25-10-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"258\" src=\"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-9.53.51-PM-1024x315.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-235\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-9.53.51-PM-1024x315.png 1024w, https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-9.53.51-PM-300x92.png 300w, https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-9.53.51-PM-768x237.png 768w, https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-9.53.51-PM-1536x473.png 1536w, https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-9.53.51-PM-2048x631.png 2048w, https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-9.53.51-PM-1200x370.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83a7fd8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"83a7fd8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acc67a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"acc67a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 25-10-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>Flow physics imposes no constraint on the feeding rates that are achievable by the swimming versus sessile strategies \u2013 they can both be equally competitive in transporting nutrients and wastes. The evolutionary pressures that shaped &#8220;swim&#8221; and &#8220;stay&#8221; strategies acted in concert with, not against, flow physics [2].<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93b17eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"93b17eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33de3d4 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"33de3d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8832462 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8832462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">Optimal feeding of attached ciliates depends on P\u00e9clet number<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-528ce41 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"528ce41\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e067ad6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e067ad6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f2cba7 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9f2cba7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-10.56.54-PM-1024x478.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-248\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-10.56.54-PM-1024x478.png 1024w, https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-10.56.54-PM-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-10.56.54-PM-768x358.png 768w, https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-10.56.54-PM.png 1106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b278a3f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b278a3f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a624910 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a624910\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"938\" src=\"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-11.12.28-PM.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-249\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-11.12.28-PM.png 260w, https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-26-at-11.12.28-PM-83x300.png 83w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 85vw, 260px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94fc3f7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94fc3f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4015550 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4015550\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Concentration and flow field around a sessile ciliate corresponding to cilia beating in the first (left) and the second (right) mode. Colormap: concentration field, from 0% (light ) to 100%(dark) of concentration background. Arrows: streamlines of flow field.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ecd28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1ecd28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Under low P\u00e9clet number conditions, optimal feeding occurs via a &#8216;treadmill&#8217; motion of surface cilia, regardless of the organism&#8217;s mobility. However, at high P\u00e9clet numbers, a symmetric dipolar surface velocity that keeps the organism stationary achieves near-optimal feeding performance for swimming ciliates and serves as an optimal solution for attached ciliates [1].<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c813b57 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c813b57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e6d572 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1e6d572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4610539 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4610539\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a14f0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a14f0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">Feeding in non-uniform concentration field<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43db682 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"43db682\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15ff825 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15ff825\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755b707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"755b707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"ciliate\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;hosted&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 25-10-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-video .elementor-widget-container{overflow:hidden;transform:translateZ(0)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{aspect-ratio:var(--video-aspect-ratio)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper iframe,.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper video{height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;border:none;background-color:#000}@supports not (aspect-ratio:1\/1){.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:0;padding-bottom:calc(100% \/ var(--video-aspect-ratio))}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper iframe,.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper video{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-open-inline .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-size:cover;background-position:50%}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{cursor:pointer;text-align:center}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay:hover .elementor-custom-embed-play i{opacity:1}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay img{display:block;width:100%;aspect-ratio:var(--video-aspect-ratio);-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:center center;object-position:center center}@supports not (aspect-ratio:1\/1){.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:0;padding-bottom:calc(100% \/ var(--video-aspect-ratio))}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay img{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}}.elementor-widget-video .e-hosted-video .elementor-video{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-video,.e-con>.elementor-widget-video{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"e-hosted-video elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-video\" src=\"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pe10g01b05k2.mov\" autoplay=\"\" loop=\"\" controls=\"\" controlsList=\"nodownload\"><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae8ba4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae8ba4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cross section of a 3D simulation of nutrients concentration evolution surrounding a sessile model ciliate feeding in\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; text-align: var(--text-align);\">a non-uniform concentration field<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; text-align: var(--text-align);\">. Surface motion and feeding follow horizontal axis-symmetry. Initial concentration field has a constant concentration gradient with higher on the right. \u00a0Two concentration contour lines are at concentration level 20% (solid line), and at level 120% (dash line).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc3f040 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bc3f040\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f96678 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0f96678\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c007ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2c007ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-913c9c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"913c9c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0454737 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0454737\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">Reference<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-726081d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"726081d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fec15e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fec15e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28cd8b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28cd8b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li>Liu, J., Man, Y., Costello, J. H., &amp; Kanso, E. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2404.13467\">Optimal Feeding of Swimming and Attached Ciliates<\/a>. <i>Journal of Fluid Mechanics<\/i>,\u00a0<i>1003<\/i>, A26.<\/li><li>Liu, J., Man, Y., Costello, J. H., &amp; Kanso, E. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/reviewed-preprints\/99003v1\">Feeding Rates in Sessile versus Motile Ciliates are Hydrodynamically Equivalent<\/a>. <i>eLife<\/i>, <i>13<\/i>.<\/li><li>Liu, J., Man, Y. &amp; Kanso, E. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/reviewed-preprints\/99003v1\">Nutrient Transport in \u00a0Concentration Gradient<\/a>.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Feeding of attached and swimming ciliates achieve hydrodynamic equivalence Flow physics imposes no constraint on the feeding rates that are achievable by the swimming versus sessile strategies \u2013 they can both be equally competitive in transporting nutrients and wastes. The evolutionary pressures that shaped &#8220;swim&#8221; and &#8220;stay&#8221; strategies acted in concert with, not against, flow &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/index.php\/ciliated-microorganism-modeling\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Flow Physics and Nutrient transport in Ciliates&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/148"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=148"}],"version-history":[{"count":53,"href":"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/148\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":588,"href":"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/148\/revisions\/588"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jingyiliu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=148"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}